In Abaqus, “Abaqus normal behavior” defines how surfaces interact perpendicularly when they come into contact, focusing on pressing together, separating, and resisting penetration. A specific type of normal behavior, “hard contact,” (hard contact Abaqus) ensures surfaces do not penetrate each other and no tensile stress is transmitted across the interface, akin to a rigid interaction like a brick on a table. This ideal interaction can be challenging for calculations.
Conversely, “soft contact” allows a small degree of penetration, governed by various pressure-overclosure relationships (such as linear, exponential, or tabular), akin to placing a spring between the brick and the table. This makes calculations easier while still capturing the essential pressing and separation behaviors. Both hard and soft contact fall under the broader category of pressure-overclosure relationships, which define how contact pressure and surface separation are managed in simulations.
在这篇博客文章中,您将学习 Abaqus 的正常行为、硬接触、软接触以及如何在 Abaqus 中应用和使用它们。.
What is Hard Contact Abaqus? | Contact Pressure Overclosure
Abaqus中的硬接触模拟了两个表面无法相互穿透的情况,从而模拟了现实世界的行为。这非常适合接触面之间不应存在间隙的情况。.
Imagine a block resting on a table. In hard contact, the block won’t sink into the table (no penetration), representing a stiff interaction. This represents real-world situations where surfaces shouldn’t interweave. But here is the thing that the Hard contact can be tricky for numerical analysis software to handle.
图 1:硬接触和软接触
Abaqus 中的硬接触是一种接触压力-过闭合关系,它最大限度地减少了从属表面(次要表面)在约束位置对主表面(主要表面)的穿透,并且不允许拉应力穿过界面传递(Abaqus 硬接触)。.
虽然强力接触是理想的,但它也可能造成 趋同问题 在模拟中,软接触允许少量穿透,从而解决这些数值计算难题。.
Difference between Hard contact and pressure-overclosure
The term “pressure overclosure” encompasses both hard contact and other softened contact behaviors.
在 Abaqus 中:
- 硬接触: 它最大限度地减少了从动表面对主表面的穿透,并阻止了拉应力在界面上的传递。它确保表面在接触时不会相互穿透,并在接触压力降至零时分离。.
- 压力过大: 指的是更广泛的接触压力关系类别,其中包括硬接触和各种类型的软接触(例如,线性、指数、表格)。软接触关系允许一定程度的穿透,并且可以传递拉应力,从而促进数值收敛。.
图 2:硬接触和软接触,压力过闭合选项
Relations and formulas
对于硬接触,其基本原理是:当表面接触时,接触压力会传递;当接触压力为零时,接触面发生分离。这可以表示为:
- 当表面接触时(过闭合度 = 0):任何接触压力都可以在表面之间传递。
- 当表面分离(间隙 > 0)时:不会传递接触压力。
这可以用数学公式表示为:
当 h>0 时,p=0
当 p>0 时,h=0
在哪里:
p = 接触压力
h = 表面之间的间隙
图 3:接触压力过闭合 [参考文献: Abaqus 文档]
About the formulas and relations you can find more info in the Abaqus documentation. You don’t know how to use the documentation?! Don’t worry! We are here to help you out. The “如何使用 Abaqus 文档” tutorial is the guide you need.
Abaqus Normal Behavior
在 Abaqus 中,“正常行为”指的是表面之间沿垂直于界面方向的接触相互作用。它定义了表面相互接触时的响应方式。.
如图 4 所示,质量为 M 的物体想要向右水平运动;为了方便您回忆,我们会受到向下的质量力 (Mg) 和反作用力 (N);因此,这个反作用力就是您在 ABAQUS 中看到的“正常行为”。这是理解正常行为最简单的解释;然而,在数值分析中,情况远比看起来复杂。.
图 4:正常行为
要在 Abaqus 中定义正常行为,您必须进入交互模块并定义接触属性(参见图 5)。.
图 5:定义 Abaqus 正常行为
之后,您必须为 Abaqus 正常行为选择压力过闭合选项之一:硬接触或软接触(参见图 2)。.
How to Apply Hard Contact and Soft Contact in Abaqus?
为了更深入地了解软接触及其创建方式,请参见图 1。如图所示,当主表面和从表面接触时,从表面不会穿透主表面(硬接触,实际情况);但计算起来比较困难,因此我们允许从表面穿透;那么从表面允许穿透多少呢?想象一下主表面下方有一个弹簧。它的刚度可以是线性的、指数的、表格型的或比例因子型的(图 2);因此,根据弹簧刚度的不同,从表面将被允许穿透主表面,以避免收敛问题。这样,软件可以更轻松、更快速地分析模型,但结果会略微偏离精确值。此外,您还可以在输入文件中使用关键字“*SURFACE BEHAVIOR, PRESSURE-OVERCLOSE=EXPONENTIAL…”来插入软接触。.
图 6:软接触,指数刚度
一个重要的问题: 那么,我们应该如何定义这些接触点呢?阅读本文即可找到答案:
结论
Now let’s wrap it up, the Hard and the Soft contact. See figure 4 again; as you see, you have to define contact if you want to analyze this model in the ABAQUS. The bottom of the mass is the slave surface, and the top side of the ground will be the master surface and make tangential behavior for them. If you remember, the slave surface cannot penetrate the master surface. This is the reality in physics and is called the Hard contact (see figure 2); however, you may encounter convergence problems in your modeling because it’s challenging in numerical analysis model the Hard contact. Therefore, you have to allow the mass to penetrate a little bit in the master surface to avoid convergence issues. This is called Soft contact and has several ways to create that in the software (see figure 2).
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